ECMI Working Paper #65 released

ECMI Publications - European Centre for Minority IssuesECMI Working Paper #65 by Dr Andreea Cârstocea is now online. The Paper analyzes Romania’s minority protection regime and uncovers inefficient accountability mechanisms.

Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? Evidence from Romania. This is the full title of the fourth ECMI Working Paper © issued by the European Centre for Minority Issues in 2013.

Read also: Carstocea: Closed political elite represents Romania’s minorities

ECMI Working Papers © from European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI)

ECMI Working Papers are written either by the staff of European Centre for Minority Issues or by outside authors commissioned by the Centre. As ECMI does not propagate opinions of its own, the views expressed in any of its publications are the sole responsibility of the author concerned.

The European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) is a non-partisan institution founded in 1996 by the Governments of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the German State of Schleswig-Holstein.

ECMI was established in Flensburg, at the heart of the Danish-German border region, in order to draw from the encouraging example of peaceful coexistence between minorities and majorities achieved here. ECMI’s aim is to promote interdisciplinary research on issues related to minorities and majorities in a European perspective and to contribute to the improvement of interethnic relations in those parts of Western and Eastern Europe where ethnopolitical tension and conflict prevail.

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Minderheiten diskutieren regionale Identität beim ECMI

Kompagnietor News - Nyt fra Kompagniporten - European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Flensburg/FlensborgRegionale Identität: gemeinsame Kultur oder multikulturell? Dies ist das Thema für den heutigen Abend, den das European Centre for Minority Issues in Flensburg im Rahmen des vierten minority roundtable durchführt.

ECMI’s minority roundtables finden einmal im Jahr statt. Das Ziel der Veranstaltung ist, aktuelle Themen zu besprechen, die im vorangegangenen Jahr eine bedeutsame Rolle für die vier Minderheiten gespielt haben. Die Treffen dienen auch als Inspiration für zukünftige ECMI-Projekte.

Das Thema für dieses Jahr wurde von Jens A. Christiansen, Sydslesvigsk Forening (SSF), vorgeschlagen. Folgendes Programm ist vorgesehen:

Die Diskussion bezüglich regionaler Identität ist zurück in Europa, besonders in Verbindung mit der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und dem Wunsch Investoren anzuziehen. Regionale Identität hat auch mit Grenzregionen und dem Zusammenschluss Europas zu einer starken und friedvollen Einheit zu tun.

Auf die eine oder andere Art ist ‘Branding’ auf regionaler Ebene zu einen populären Hilfsmittel geworden um sich als Region profilieren zu können. Schleswig ist hier keine Ausnahme.

Kritiker argumentieren für und gegen eine gemeinsame Identität. Dennoch: kann man  mit vier politisch anerkannten Minderheitenkulturen und zwei nationalen Kulturen in der Grenzregion von einer gemeinsamen Identität ausgehen? Und was heißt regionale Identität für die Minderheiten und wie würden diese die Diskussion gern in Zukunft fortgesetzt sehen?

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Mindretal diskuterer regional identitet på ECMI

Kompagnietor News - Nyt fra Kompagniporten - European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Flensburg/FlensborgRegional identitet: Fælles kultur eller multikulturel? Det er temaet i aften, når European Centre for Minority Issues i Flensborg gennemfører det fjerde minority roundtable.

ECMI’s minority roundtables arrangeres én gang om året. Formålet med møderne er at diskutere emner, som har spillet en betydningsfuld rolle for de fire mindretal i det forgangne år. Møderne kan også inspirere til fremtidige ECMI-projekter.

Dette års emne er foreslået af Jens A. Christiansen, Sydslesvigsk Forening (SSF). Forslaget har ført til følgende oplæg og program:

Diskussionen om regional identitet er vendt tilbage i Europa, især i forbindelse med den økonomiske udvikling og ønsket om at tiltrække investorer. Regional identitet berører også grænseregioner og ideen om et fredeligt og stærkt Europa.

På den ene eller anden måde er regional ’branding’ blevet til et populært hjælpemiddel når man forsøger at profilere sig som region. Slesvig er ingen undtagelse.

Kritikerne argumenterer både for og imod en fælles identitet. Men i en region med fire politisk anerkendte mindretal og to nationale kulturer, kan man overhovedet tale om én fælles identitet? Og hvad betyder regional identitet for mindretallene og hvordan ville disse gerne se diskussionen fortsætte i fremtiden?

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Russia for the Russians – a putative policy

Federica PrinaIn Russia for the Russians – a putative policy, ECMI’s Federica Prina discusses the Russian Government’s strategies for creating an identity embracing all its citizens.

ECMI Senior Research Associate Dr Prina’s discussion about the Russian Government’s identity strategies is posted as an analysis on the Open Democracy website.

Already the title, Russia for the Russians – a putative policy, suggests that the identity strategies are not necessarily 100% identifiable. Or rather, Dr Prina brings to the fore that strengthening the central state remains priority while the rest is “talk”.

The following quote-out might inspire to further reading and give a glimpse of how ethnic minority issues are an integrated part of Dr Prina’s discussion:

“The Russian leadership seeks to maintain political stability through careful ethnic diversity management, forging a spurious civic identity rooted in flag-waving rhetoric and stage-managed opposition to the West.”

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Dr Federica Prina manages the ECMI research cluster Culture and Diversity. She completed her PhD in Politics in University College London, on the role of international mechanisms in promoting the cultural rights of national minorities in the Russian Federation.

In the 2009-10 academic year she was a tutor in Russian Politics and Society in UCL. She also has a specialisation in international human rights law through an LLM from the Human Rights Centre of the University of Essex, UK.

Prior to her PhD, she worked for 9 years as Programme Officer and then Senior Programme Officer for the London-based NGO Article 19, managing projects and research on freedom of expression in the former Soviet Union.

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ECMI Library Acquisitions – February 2013

ECMI Library Acquisitions - European Centre for Minority IssuesAs of February 2013, one can also find the following titles in the European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Library in Flensburg.

Aiken, Nevin T., Identity, Reconciliation and Transitional Justice. Overcoming Intractability in Divided Societies, 264 pp.
Appetizer and further data.

Benhabib, Seyla, The Claims of Culture. Equality and Diversity in the Global Era. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002, 245 pp.
Appetizer and further data.

Gallagher, Tom, Modern Romania. The End of Communism, the Failure of Democratic Reform, and the Theft of a Nation. New York: New York University Press, 2008, 430 pp.
Appetizer and further data.

Wimmer, Andreas, Ethnic Boundary Making. Institutions, Power, Networks. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2013, 293 pp.
Appetizer and further data.

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The ECMI Library is an independent collection of books, journals, and grey literature of more than 3,000 items covering many aspects of minority issues.

The highly specialized collection offers public access to a variety of materials in more than twenty languages on inter-ethnic relations, language and cultural diversity issues and ethnic conflict in Europe.

The Library is especially strong in the area of minority protection with regards to international law. It also includes a useful reference section and a considerable number of published and unpublished reports dealing with the subjects mentioned above.

In addition to this, the ECMI Library is unique in that it includes an ever-growing number of annual reports of Ombudsman offices around the world, which provide insight into the human rights situation in many countries.

Current periodical and newspaper subscriptions reflect the multidisciplinary nature of ECMI research.

Reference services are provided both in-house and for the general public. The ECMI Library is physically at Schiffbrücke 12 in Flensburg Germany, and online via the ECMI website.

 

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Mainstreaming of minority rights in Kosovo civil service

Action, research and documentation (ECMI Synergy Wheel stories) - European Centre for Minority IssuesECMI Kosovo and Kosovo Institute of Public Administration (KIPA) cooperate in mainstreaming minority rights in the Kosovo civil service.

In February 2013, ECMI Kosovo and KIPA established the framework of cooperation for the development of a training curriculum on minority rights for Kosovo civil servants.  So reports ECMI Kosovo’s February Newsletter.

The goal of the training and its curriculum will be to enhance civil servants’ knowledge and understanding of

  • minority rights in Kosovo
  • civil servants’ own roles and responsibilities in the context
  • minority rights’ relevance for societal development

Within the framework of the one-year project Supporting Effective Governance for Minority Communities in Kosovo, ECMI Kosovo will develop the training curriculum, conduct pilot trainings, and a training of trainers; all in cooperation with KIPA.

This project is financed by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA).

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ECMI Kosovo Study triggers establishment of ministerial working group

Action, research and documentation (ECMI Synergy Wheel stories) - European Centre for Minority IssuesA high level working group on Employment of Non-majority communities establishes in Kosovo on the background of an ECMI Kosovo 2010 policy study.

The Kosovo Prime Minister’s Office for Community Affairs (OCA) has initiated the establishment of a working group on Employment of Non-majority communities, reports ECMI Kosovo’s February Newsletter.

The establishment of the working group is triggered by the findings of the Policy Study on Employment of Members of Non-majority Communities within Kosovo Civil Service and Publicly owned Enterprises. This study was conducted by ECMI Kosovo in 2010 under the auspices of the OCA and with support from the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs.

The working group will be mandated to developing and submitting recommendations for approval to the government. The first preliminary meeting of working group observers, including ECMI Kosovo, the Swiss, Norwegian, British, US, German, and French embassies, UNDP and OSCE, was held on 7 February.

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New Kosovo project on economic empowerment of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian women

Action, research and documentation (ECMI Synergy Wheel stories) - European Centre for Minority IssuesECMI Kosovo has started implementing a new one-year project. It aims to promote economic empowerment of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian women, reports ECMI Kosovo’s newsletter.

A new project of ECMI Kosovo wishes to increase the professional and entrepreneurial skills of Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian women. The project will also advocate for increased support from local and central level government institutions for the same purpose.

The project will be implemented in partnership with the Network of Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian Women Organizations of Kosovo (NRAEWOK).

Identifying needs and capacities

In February, three information and consultation meetings were held with Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian women from municipalities of Prizren, Gjakovë/Ðakovica, Pejë/Peć, Ferizaj/Uroševac, and Mitrovica. The meetings aimed to gain a better understanding of the women’s economic situation, capacities and needs.

Most of the women proved to be unemployed and of poor economic background. However, they are skilled in producing valuable traditional clothes, handicrafts or jewelry. Many of them are engaged in agriculture and livestock productions.

The women have expressed their desire to attain further skills on business planning, marketing skills, and on applying for grants, explains eventually ECMI Kosovo’s February newsletter.

The project is funded by the UN Women, UNDP, and European Union.

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Carstocea: Closed political elite represents Romania’s minorities

ECMI Research Associate Dr Andreea CarstoceaThe representation of Romania’s small national minorities is captured by a closed circle of political elites, claims ECMI Research Associate Dr Andreea Carstocea.

It is not necessarily bad will that makes the power to represent Romania’s small national minorities end up in a closed political circle. On the contrary; Carstocea is interested in a number of systemic flaws in the Romanian minority protection regime that frustrates its own purpose: to ensure the political representation of national minorities.

Dr Carstocea, European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI), presented her analysis Friday at the 37th Annual Conference of the Irish Association for Russian, Central and East European Studies. Carstocea’s paper carries the title Accountability and descriptive representation: a forgotten link? Evidence from Romania. The paper is expected to be issued as an ECMI Working Paper ©.

Political representatives without “ground control”

Carstocea’s paper is focusing on the ways in which members of smaller national minorities in Romania are able to hold to account their political representatives. In other words; if smaller minorities are able to terminate the act of representation, should they become unhappy with their elected representative?

Carstocea’s answer to the question is negative. She shows that in the case of national minorities, elections are not enough to guarantee accountability. Complementary mechanisms are needed to ensure that minority representatives are accountable to their constituencies. Her paper points out a number of options.

Systemic flaws at a glance

While employing the concepts of vertical and horizontal accountability, Carstocea’s study surfaces a number of systemic flaws.

She shows that vertical accountability is undermined by the existence of an open electoral register. It makes elected representatives difficult to hold to account by the minority communities. She also shows how minority mass media are captured by political representatives. With a virtually inexistent civil society to challenge representatives, one cannot meaningfully speak of vertical accountability in the case of minority representatives.

Horizontally, the situation is not much better, claims Carstocea. Instead of instituting effective checks and balances, the Romanian system allows those already in power to mould the legislation in such a manner as to preserve the status quo. Thereby all competition can be removed.

Coupled with the lack of rules concerning transparency and accountability of spending the public funds allocated for each minority group, this suggests an almost complete lack of horizontal mechanisms of accountability for elected minority representatives.

Despite the nominal existence of vertical mechanisms in Romania, their poor functioning, coupled with minimum horizontal mechanism of accountability, allows for one of Carstocea’s conclusions:

The representation of small national minorities in Romania is ‘captured’ by a closed circle of political elites.

Dr Andreea Carstocea is a research associate of the Justice & Governance Cluster at European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI).

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Osipov discusses ‘non-territorial autonomy’ as an analytical category

Alexander Osipov - ECMI Justice & Governance clusterThere may be space for non-territorial autonomy (NTA) as an analytical category, suggests Dr. Alexander Osipov in a critical review of the concept this morning.

Dr. Alexander Osipov, European Centre for Minority Issues, is about to present his paper Can ‘non-territorial autonomy’ serve as a category of analysis? Between ‘thick’ and ‘thin’ approaches. The occasion is the 41st Joint Session of Workshops in Mainz that is convened by the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR). Dr. Osipov’s paper is presented in the Workshop No.21, Non-Territorial Autonomy, Multiple Cultures and Politics of Stateless Nations at the Johannes Gutenberg Universität.

Read also: ECMI co-organizes ECPR workshop on European minority empowerment

Excerpt of the abstract

The following is an excerpt of the abstract of the paper; Can ‘non-territorial autonomy’ serve as a category of analysis? Between ‘thick’ and ‘thin’ approaches.

NTA serves as a category of practice in politics, public administration and civil activism.

As an applied analytical category, NTA has acquired a variety of meanings; from a label on minority related activities and institutions (a ‘thin’ approach) to a clear structural feature or competence of an organization (a ‘thick’ approach).

The main problem with employing NTA as an analytical category stems from the dominant essentialist and group-centric approach.

Almost all interpretations of NTA implicitly or explicitly rest on uncritical and often unreflective reification of notions such as ‘group’, ‘community’, and ‘culture’ and assume that a group is a self-evident social actor and an internally cohesive social unit.

This significantly limits the analytic perspective and obstructs important research agendas. If the uncritical assumptions are withdrawn and ethnic groups are regarded as merely a way of framing certain activities, most respective interpretative schemes collapse.

Considering NTA as a category of analysis that is not based on a ‘groupist’ approach, is the author’s suggestion. Insofar, there is space for NTA as an analytical category.

Facts: The Justice & Governance Cluster @ ECMI

Dr. Alexander Osipov is a Senior Research Associate at the European Centre for Minority Issues. He is also heading up one of the Centre’s research clusters; the Justice & Governance Cluster.

The Justice & Governance Cluster seeks to invest in research and subsequent dissemination of information and knowledge on the ways norms concerning minority protection are set up, translated into practice and interpreted in the course of this translation.

The Cluster opts for the topics which still have significant gaps and deficiencies in the research already done. The projects selected must combine academic novelty with practical significance.

The backbone theoretical issues addressed are:

  • Relationships between different ways to conceptualize diversity
  • Limits of applicability for minority protection
  • Relationships between discourses and human behavior in terms of making and implementing decisions
  • Symbolic policies versus instrumental policies
  • Symbolic production – generation of meanings and values.

Contemporary minority rights context

At the same time as issues of norm diffusion and convergence have come to the fore at the macro level with the EU taking a greater role in Europe’s normative regime, aspects of legitimacy and responsibility of protection schemes come to the fore as these are interpreted at the local and regional levels.

Public administration capacity is ever more topical. This comes with the change in attention from standard setting to operationalization of minority rights. Governance requires translation of standards through policy design, programme development, knowledge transfer and capacity building as well as monitoring through indicators, targets and benchmarking.

Analytical categories

Minority protection and related notions are categories of practice employed for adjusting nation-building to cultural heterogeneity and vice versa. Taken as categories of analysis they are highly problematic and have a limited applicability.

Despite recent achievements in minority protection standard setting, institutional development still rests on a combination of loose ideas open to different interpretations. Correspondingly, the ways they are translated into practice vary significantly. Moreover, ideas under the headline of minority protection can be abused and misused in some circumstances.

This is the complexity that inspires the work of the Justice & Governance Cluster.

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